Understanding Elman RNN — Uniqueness & How To Implement In Python With PyTorch

by | Feb 1, 2023 | Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Natural Language Processing

What is the Elman neural network?

Elman Neural Network is a recurrent neural network (RNN) designed to capture and store contextual information in a hidden layer. Jeff Elman introduced it in 1990. It has three layers: an input layer, a hidden layer, and an output layer. The hidden layer is connected to the input and output layers. The hidden layer stores information about the context by sending the activation values back to itself over several steps. This allows the network to maintain information about the previous inputs over time, enabling it to process data sequences such as time series or natural language.

Applications of the Elman RNN

Speech recognition is a common application of Elman RNN

Speech recognition is a common application of Elman RNNs.

Elman recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have a wide range of applications in various fields, including:

  1. Natural Language Processing (NLP): Elman RNNs have been used for tasks like figuring out how someone feels about something, putting texts into groups, and translating languages.
  2. Forecasting: Elman RNNs have been used to predict things that change over time, like stock prices, weather patterns, and how much energy is used.
  3. Speech recognition: Elman RNNs have been used for transcribing speech into text.
  4. Music generation: Elman RNNs have generated music in different styles and genres.
  5. Pattern recognition: Elman RNNs have been used to recognise patterns in sequential data, such as handwritten characters and gestures, and to detect anomalies in time series data.

These are just a few examples of the many applications of Elman RNNs. In addition, the versatility of Elman RNNs makes them a popular choice for a wide range of tasks involving sequential data.

Elman recurrent neural networks for NLP

Elman recurrent neural networks (RNNs) can be effectively used in natural language processing (NLP) tasks due to their ability to process sequential data.

In NLP, sequential data can be represented as a sequence of words in a sentence or a sequence of characters in a word.

Elman RNNs can be used for a variety of NLP tasks, such as:

  • Sentiment Analysis: The network can learn to predict the sentiment of a sentence based on its words and phrases.
  • Text Generation: The network can be trained on a large corpus of text data and generate new text based on the learned patterns.
  • Part-of-Speech Tagging: The network can learn to predict the part of speech (e.g., noun, verb, adjective) of each word in a sentence.
  • Named Entity Recognition: The network can learn to identify named entities (e.g., people, organisations, locations) in a sentence.

When training an Elman RNN for NLP tasks, it’s vital to preprocess the text data by converting the words or characters into numerical representations, such as word embeddings or one-hot encodings. The network can then be trained on this numerical representation of the data.

Overall, Elman RNNs are a powerful tool for NLP tasks because they recognise sequential dependencies in the data. This makes them a good choice for many NLP applications.

How do they compare to different types of recurrent neural networks?

Elman RNN vs Jordan RNN

Elman RNN and Jordan RNN are two types of recurrent neural networks (RNNs) introduced in the 1990s. Both are designed to capture and store contextual information in a hidden layer, but they differ in how they store and use that information.

  1. Elman RNN: In Elman RNNs, the hidden layer is connected to both the input and output layers. The activations from the hidden layer are fed back to themselves across multiple time steps. This allows the network to maintain information about the previous inputs over time and process data sequences.
  2. Jordan RNN: In Jordan RNNs, the hidden layer is only connected to the output layer, not the input layer. The activations from the hidden layer are fed back to themselves, but they are also used to modify the output layer weights. This allows the network to maintain information about the previous outputs and use it to update its predictions.

Both the Elman and Jordan RNNs have their pros and cons, and which one to use depends on the task and application.

For example, Elman RNNs may be more suitable for jobs that require processing sequences of data with context, while Jordan RNNs may be more suitable for tasks that require predictions based on previous outputs.

Elman RNN vs LSTM

Elman RNN and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) are two types of recurrent neural networks (RNNs) introduced in the 1990s. Both are made to store contextual information in a hidden layer, but they store and use that information differently.

  1. Elman RNN: In Elman RNNs, the hidden layer is connected to both the input and output layers. The activations from the hidden layer are fed back to themselves across multiple time steps. This allows the network to maintain information about the previous inputs over time and process data sequences.
  2. Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM): LSTMs are extensions of traditional RNNs and are specifically designed to overcome the vanishing gradient problem, a common problem in conventional RNNs. LSTMs have a more complex structure that includes three gates (input, forget, and output gates) that control the flow of information in and out of the cell state, allowing the network to store and access data over a more extended period of time.

Elman RNNs and LSTMs have their strengths and weaknesses, and the choice between them depends on the specific task and application.

For example, LSTMs are typically better suited for jobs involving long-term dependencies, such as speech recognition and language translation. At the same time, Elman RNNs may be more suitable for tasks that require processing data sequences with context.

Elman RNN vs Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU)

Elman RNN and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) are two types of recurrent neural networks (RNNs) introduced in the 1990s and 2014, respectively. Both are made to store contextual information in a hidden layer, but they store and use that information in different ways.

  1. Elman RNN: In Elman RNNs, the hidden layer is connected to both the input and output layers. The activations from the hidden layer are fed back to themselves across multiple time steps. This allows the network to maintain information about the previous inputs over time and process data sequences.
  2. Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU): GRUs are a type of RNN designed to overcome the “vanishing gradient” problem, a common problem in traditional RNNs. GRUs have a more compact structure than LSTMs and use two gates (update and reset gates) to control the flow of information in and out of the cell state. This allows the network to store and access data over a more extended time while computationally more efficient than LSTMs.

Both Elman RNNs and GRUs have their strengths and weaknesses, and the choice between them depends on the specific task and application.

For example, GRUs are usually better for jobs that require long-term dependencies, like speech recognition and language translation, and they are also more efficient than LSTMs when it comes to processing data. At the same time, Elman RNNs may be more suitable for tasks that require processing data sequences with context.

Elman RNN PyTorch

PyTorch is an open-source machine learning library for Python that provides a convenient framework for building and training neural networks. Here’s an example of how you can build and train an Elman RNN in PyTorch:

import torch
import torch.nn as nn

class ElmanRNN(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, input_size, hidden_size, num_layers, num_classes):
        super(ElmanRNN, self).__init__()
        self.hidden_size = hidden_size
        self.num_layers = num_layers
        self.rnn = nn.RNN(input_size, hidden_size, num_layers, batch_first=True)
        self.fc = nn.Linear(hidden_size, num_classes)
        
    def forward(self, x):
        h0 = torch.zeros(self.num_layers, x.size(0), self.hidden_size)
        out, _ = self.rnn(x, h0)
        out = self.fc(out[:, -1, :])
        return out

# Define the network parameters
input_size = 1
hidden_size = 128
num_layers = 2
num_classes = 1

# Create the network
model = ElmanRNN(input_size, hidden_size, num_layers, num_classes)

# Define the loss function and optimization algorithm
criterion = nn.MSELoss()
optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(model.parameters(), lr=0.01)

# Train the network on the data
for epoch in range(100):
    # Get the inputs and targets
    inputs = ...
    targets = ...
    
    # Forward pass
    outputs = model(inputs)
    loss = criterion(outputs, targets)
    
    # Backward pass and optimization
    optimizer.zero_grad()
    loss.backward()
    optimizer.step()
    
    if (epoch+1) % 10 == 0:
        print(f'Epoch [{epoch+1}/100], Loss: {loss.item():.4f}')

In this example, we start by subclassing nn.Module and adding the forward pass to define the Elman RNN model. Then, we make a copy of the model with the size of the input, the size of the hidden, the number of layers, and the output classes we want. Next, we define the loss function and optimisation algorithm and train the network using a loop over the number of epochs.

Conclusion

Elman recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are a type of neural network specifically designed to handle sequential data. They are called Elman RNNs because J. Elman first introduced them in 1990.

The main idea behind Elman RNNs is to add a hidden layer that feeds back its outputs as inputs at the next time step. This allows the network to maintain a hidden state that summarises the information from previous time steps, which can be used to predict the current time step.

Elman RNNs can be used for many things, like processing natural language (NLP), predicting time series, recognising speech, making music, and recognising patterns.

PyTorch is a popular open-source machine learning library for Python that can be used to implement them by creating a custom subclass of nn.Module and running the forward pass.

Overall, Elman RNNs are a useful tool for working with sequential data and a foundation for more advanced recurrent neural networks like long short-term memory (LSTM) networks and gated recurrent unit (GRU) networks.

About the Author

Neri Van Otten

Neri Van Otten

Neri Van Otten is the founder of Spot Intelligence, a machine learning engineer with over 12 years of experience specialising in Natural Language Processing (NLP) and deep learning innovation. Dedicated to making your projects succeed.

Recent Articles

multi-agent reinforcement learning marl

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Made Simple, Top Approaches & 9 Tools

Introduction Imagine a group of robots cleaning a warehouse, a swarm of drones surveying a disaster zone, or autonomous cars navigating through city traffic. In each of...

viterbi algorithm example

Viterbi Algorithm Made Simple [How To & Worked-Out Examples]

Introduction Imagine trying to understand what someone said over a noisy phone call or deciphering a DNA sequence from partial biological data. In both cases, you're...

link prediction in graphical neural networks

Structured Prediction In Machine Learning: What Is It & How To Do It

What is Structured Prediction? In traditional machine learning tasks like classification or regression a model predicts a single label or value for each input. For...

q-learning explained witha a mouse navigating a maze and updating it's internal staate

Policy Gradient [Reinforcement Learning] Made Simple In An Elaborate Guide

Introduction Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a powerful framework that enables agents to learn optimal behaviours through interaction with an environment. From mastering...

q learning example

Deep Q-Learning [Reinforcement Learning] Explained & How To Example

Imagine teaching a robot to navigate a maze or training an AI to master a video game without ever giving it explicit instructions—only rewarding it when it does...

deepfake is deep learning and fake put together

Deepfake Made Simple, How It Work & Concerns

What is Deepfake? In an age where digital content shapes our daily lives, a new phenomenon is challenging our ability to trust what we see and hear: deepfakes. The term...

data filtering

Data Filtering Explained, Types & Tools [With How To Tutorials]

What is Data Filtering? Data filtering is sifting through a dataset to extract the specific information that meets certain criteria while excluding irrelevant or...

types of data encoding

Data Encoding Explained, Different Types, How To Examples & Tools

What is Data Encoding? Data encoding is the process of converting data from one form to another to efficiently store, transmit, and interpret it by machines or systems....

what is data enrichment?

Data Enrichment Made Simple [Different Types, How It Works & Common Tools]

What is Data Enrichment? Data enrichment enhances raw data by supplementing it with additional, relevant information to improve its accuracy, completeness, and value....

0 Comments

Submit a Comment

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

nlp trends

2025 NLP Expert Trend Predictions

Get a FREE PDF with expert predictions for 2025. How will natural language processing (NLP) impact businesses? What can we expect from the state-of-the-art models?

Find out this and more by subscribing* to our NLP newsletter.

You have Successfully Subscribed!