Have you ever wondered why raising interest rates slows down inflation, or why cutting down forests affects rainfall patterns? These everyday phenomena are driven by a web of connections where one...

Have you ever wondered why raising interest rates slows down inflation, or why cutting down forests affects rainfall patterns? These everyday phenomena are driven by a web of connections where one...
Introduction Reinforcement Learning (RL) has seen explosive growth in recent years, powering breakthroughs in robotics, game playing, and autonomous control. While early successes focused on...
Introduction Imagine trying to understand what someone said over a noisy phone call or deciphering a DNA sequence from partial biological data. In both cases, you're trying to uncover a hidden...
What is Structured Prediction? In traditional machine learning tasks like classification or regression a model predicts a single label or value for each input. For example, an image classifier might...
Introduction Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a powerful framework that enables agents to learn optimal behaviours through interaction with an environment. From mastering complex games like Go to...
Imagine teaching a robot to navigate a maze or training an AI to master a video game without ever giving it explicit instructions—only rewarding it when it does something right. This is the essence...
What is Data Filtering? Data filtering is sifting through a dataset to extract the specific information that meets certain criteria while excluding irrelevant or unwanted data. It's a foundational...
What is Data Enrichment? Data enrichment enhances raw data by supplementing it with additional, relevant information to improve its accuracy, completeness, and value. Integrating internal and...
What is Z-Score Normalization? Z-score normalization, or standardization, is a statistical technique that transforms data to follow a standard normal distribution. This process ensures that data has...
What is Real-Time Processing? Real-time processing refers to the immediate or near-immediate handling of data as it is received. Unlike traditional methods, where data is collected and processed...
What is Churn prediction? Churn prediction is the process of identifying customers who are likely to stop using a company's products or services in the near future. This involves analysing customer...
What is Federated Learning? Federated Learning (FL) is a cutting-edge machine learning approach emphasising privacy and decentralisation. Unlike traditional machine learning methods, which rely on...
In the age of digital transformation, Natural Language Processing (NLP) has emerged as a cornerstone of intelligent applications. From chatbots and voice assistants to real-time translation and...
What is Elastic Net Regression? Elastic Net regression is a statistical and machine learning technique that combines the strengths of Ridge (L2) and Lasso (L1) regularisation to improve predictive...
What is Recursive Feature Elimination? In machine learning, data often holds the key to unlocking powerful insights. However, not all data is created equal. Some features in a dataset contribute...
What is High-Dimensional Data? High-dimensional data refers to datasets that contain a large number of features or variables relative to the number of observations or samples. In other words, each...
What is Out-of-Distribution Detection? Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection refers to identifying data that differs significantly from the distribution on which a machine learning model was trained,...
What is Anomaly Detection in LLMs? Anomaly detection in the context of Large Language Models (LLMs) involves identifying outputs, patterns, or behaviours that deviate significantly from what is...
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